<p>Purolite Ion Contents of help:</p><p>Exchange</p><p>Design</p><p>Calculation</p><p>Program</p><p>20 21 22 23 24 25 26 29 51 55 56 57 58 59 61 IX Treated</p><p>Water</p><p>Treatment 63 Design Calculation Mixed Beds Softening 64 Dealkalisation 65 Demineralization 66 Extra RAW Cycle WATER Time Choice Plant Treated Pressure Operating Conditions Design Operating Water Drop Working Conditions Mixed Mixed Water Analytical origin and of and Flow Beds Analysis Data pretreatment Rate Resin Regeneration Design Quality Calculation Beds Polishing Objectives</p><p>Working Polishing Nitrate Program Influent Design</p><p>Mixed Mixed</p><p>Beds 67 Beds 68 Removal 69 Difficulty 70</p><p>Water Process Water of Bed</p><p>Data 71 Calculation 72 Options 73 Specifications 74 regenerants 75 Options 76 Options 77 Overrun</p><p>Neutralization Dealkalisation Mixed</p><p>62 Nitrate Removal 20 Water Treatment Select the type of process to be carried out in your plant. SOFTENING: Exchange of hardness ions for sodium ions. DEALKALISATION: Removal of hardness associated with bicarbonates (alkalinity) using a weak acid resin. The program also includes permanent hardness removal by use of a strong acid cation resin, in the softening mode which is sometimes used in breweries. DEMINERALISATION: Water can be demineralised by means of cation and anion resins in separate vessels. Weakly functional resins can achieve partial demineralization with economical use of regenerants. More complete demineralization requires the use of strongly functional resins and higher regeneration levels. MIXED BEDS: Water can be purified to higher standards using a Working Mixed Bed or further purified after standard demineralization using Polishing Mixed Bed to remove any leakage remaining. Where the inlet load is negligible, this process is termed 'polishing'. If the ion exchange load is high enough to utilize a substantial proportion of the available operating capacity, such as water treatment directly after demineralization, this is termed a working mixed bed.</p><p>NITRATE REMOVAL: There is a recommended limit for nitrate in potable water published by the World Health Organization. Consequently many countries have placed their own limits to cover the quality of the potable water available. Nitrate is removed by strong base anion resins. Where the water to be treated contains sulfate, this is removed preferentially, and nitrate capacity is reduced because the resin is loaded with sulfate. Purolite 520E is selective for nitrate over sulfate and all other common anions, thus all the capacity is available for nitrate removal. 21 Softening 1) The standard choice is 1 Purolite C-100 or C-100E. Only a change to very special conditions, (high osmotic shock, very high TDS, presence of oxidizing agents etc.) would create a need to select another resin. The Purofine grade offers advantages of a smaller plant and use of less regenerants. 2) Select one of the options shown in scroll box. Option 1 (Co-flow), used by default, is simpler to construct and operate. However salt utilization and hardness leakage are both high. Option 2 (Counterflow) offers the lowest leakage. 3) Input the Regeneration level grams per liter of resin: Co-flow (Option 1): Counter-flow: 90300 g/l 40150 g/l</p><p>4) Standard concentration is 10% . Other concentrations will reduce operating capacity especially for Coflow operation. 5) Bed depth is important for counter-flow operation. Deeper beds above 0.7 m give higher capacity and lower leakage. 6) The design program calculates capacity and leakage. If results are unsatisfactory, changes in regenerant dosage, mode, and flow rate can offer improvements. 22 Dealkalisation Purolite weak acid cation resins are capable of removing cations associated with bicarbonate anions (or carbonates/hydroxides) to reduce total solids, and especially temporary hardness. Its main advantage is that regeneration can be achieved with practically a stoichiometric quantity of regenerant. The capacity for temporary hardness ions is particularly high, especially at low flow rates. (Removal of temporary hardness can reduce precipitates and scale which normally occur on the boiling of water.) Where bicarbonates are associated with sodium rather than hardness ions the operating capacity is significantly reduced. It should also be noted that lower feed water temperatures reduce operating capacity significantly. Also low regeneration temperatures increase the risk of calcium sulfate precipitation. Flow rates should be maintained to ensure regenerant is removed from the resin before precipitation commences. Dealkalisation can also form part of a demineralization process, the salts of mineral acids are treated on the strong acid cation filter which follows the weak acid cation filter. Depending on the proportional load on each filter it can also be advantageous to allow some or all of the sodium alkalinity to over-run to the strong acid filter. The redistribution of load can produce a better balance in the size of filters and can have the added advantage that the operating capacity of the weakly functional resin improves if the hardness to alkalinity ratio being treated approaches 1.</p><p>23 Demineralization Demineralization works by exchanging all cations of salts present in the water to be treated to hydrogen, thus converting the salts to acids. Passing the water through a following strong base resin in the hydroxide form will exchange the anions for hydroxide by acid neutralization to produce demineralised water of reasonably good quality. To obtain purer water a polishing stage should be added. This will form part of a separate design program. Unfortunately it is quite difficult to regenerate resins with strongly functional active groups, especially strong base anion resins which have high selectivity for the mineral anions, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride. A large excess of sodium hydroxide is therefore necessary to achieve a good regeneration. The Type-I strong base anion resins Purolite A-400, A-600, A-500, A-505, are more thermally stable than Type-II resins, Purolite A-200, A-300, A-510 and they are also more selective for weak acids. However they are the most difficult to regenerate. Acrylic Type-I resin Purolite A-850 can offer good silica removal and reasonable regenerability, however this type is also less thermally stable. Type-II resins are also easily regenerated, but silica leakage is often significantly higher. Of the resins mentioned, Purolite A-500, A-505, and A-510 are macroporous. This more open structure also offers significant improvement in terms of resistance to organic fouling compared with the gel counterparts. However the acrylic resins Purolite A-850 and A-870 offer an even more effective solution to this particular problem. These resins also have superior resistance to osmotic shock compared to gel-type polystyrenic resins. Substantial savings can be made to regeneration costs by introduction of resins with weak functionality before their strong resin counterparts. Weak base resins are frequently used in front of strong base resins. These effectively remove mineral acids which can be regenerated with alkali using only an excess of 20% over theory in many cases. On the other hand strong base resins often require over 50% stoichiometric excess alkali for effective regeneration. The strong base resins may then be used to remove the weak acids such as silica and carbon dioxide. Hence there are a large number of process options to choose from. Purolite technical sales staffs are knowledgeable in making the required choices. Purofine variations of these resins may be chosen. They may be used at higher flow rates, in shallower beds, at lower levels of regeneration, offering considerable savings in running costs and producing better treated water quality. These differences necessitate different operating conditions from those used for standard resins so default values for standard resins are not appropriate. If the Purofine option is chosen at the Design Option stage the correct default values may be applied making for a more rapid solution. Of course only Purofine Grades may be used here.</p><p>24 Working Mixed Beds For operation, please obtain the separate disc from Purolite. Working mixed beds are used to directly ionize a feed water, typically with low total dissolved solids. They may also be considered when the residual leakage after conventional 24 stage [demineralization] processes is high. The section on Water Treatment explains their use in more detail. Influent Water Data describes the water to be treated and explains the impact of the water analysis on the process. Ionic loads are lower than those treated by demineralization, so specific flow rates and linear velocities may be higher than those used for demineralization. Beds should be sized to optimize flow rates. However constraints to meet ionic loads and resin operating capacity can apply.</p><p>25 Polishing Mixed Beds For operation, please obtain the separate disc from Purolite. Polishing is the term applied to the removal of the last traces of ionic impurities in treated water. For further information see Influent Water Data. Efficient polishing is normally achieved using highly regenerated mixed beds of strong acid cation resins and strong base anion resins. Because the ionic loads are very low, the flow rates used are usually much higher than those used for demineralization. The bed size is designed to optimize flow rate. The choice of IX process options enables selection of three polishing systems, preferred resin ratio, internal or external regeneration, use of Trilite, and, if chosen the volume of inert resin required. The Design Calculation enables sizes of the anion and cation resin components to be calculated. 26 Nitrate Removal Nitrate removal works similarly to water softening. The resin is used in the chloride form, and the nitrate ion is exchanged for chloride. The regeneration is made with sodium chloride (usually at a concentration of 10%). Counter flow regeneration is generally recommended. This gives a lower nitrate leakage. If a higher leakage is acceptable it is generally more economic to blend back raw water than to use Co-flow regeneration. If co-flow regeneration has to be used for any reason, it is often advisable to give the resin a mix after the regeneration rinse. This will disperse the bank of nitrate form resin left at the bottom of the bed and produce a lower nitrate leakage initially and a more consistent leakage through the run. In order to further improve the quality of the treated water up to 25% of the sodium chloride, may be replaced with a sodium carbonate wash at a concentration of 510%. For each reduction of 10g/L of sodium chloride a replacement with at least 20 g/L of the sodium carbonate is needed. In any case significant losses in performance can often be expected if the sodium chloride level falls below 90g of NaCl/Litre of resin. The choice of resin will depend upon the feed water. In particular the ratio of nitrate/nitrate + sulfate will determine the choice of a conventional resin or a nitrate selective resin, Purolite A520E. If in doubt, the latter is recommended. In any case Purolite A520E is recommended when the above ratio is less than 0.6. In fact advantages in operating capacity are not usually noticed unless the ratio is less than 0.5, however there are other advantages obtained from using Purolite A520E. Firstly, if there are sulfates in the water, over-run of the cycle, can produce water which is higher in nitrate than the original feed solution. This is because the sulfate displaces and concentrates the nitrate in the ion exchange resin. When the Purolite A520E is used the worst scenario is that the water remains as if there were no nitrate removal treatment. Thus when using a standard resin more careful and expensive monitoring is recommended. Secondly the nitrate selective resin does not, on average, substantially remove the sulfate from the feed water by exchange of this ion for chloride. Hence there is less risk to exceed the limits of chloride in potable water. (WHO limit is 450 mg/L). The problem of exceeding the WHO limits on chloride and sulfate (250 mg/L) can be lessened by the use of a bicarbonate wash after the regeneration. This means that during a portion of the run, chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate, while sulfate is also retained in the resin. Thus the average leakage of the anions of mineral acids is reduced. Where the waters to be treated are high in hardness ions there is a possibility of precipitation of these ions in the resin. The use of a small softener to treat the water used to dilute the sodium chloride regenerant and for the water used for the displacement rinse is required to avoid this problem. The Puredesign softening program can be used if necessary. It is also possible to combine nitrate removal and softening. The SAC and SBA resins may be combined as layers in one vessel with the SAC resin as the lower layer. The Puredesign programs for nitrate removal and softening are used to find the solution for each layer in the vessel. When working out the vessel geometry enough room should be left to accommodate the partner</p><p>resin. The recommended aspect ratio (height/diameter) for each layer should be less than 1 and the bed depth of each layer greater than 750 mm. When conventional resins are chosen, the choice will depend on a number of factors. Type I resin will in general maintain a slightly higher capacity than the Type II resin, and give a slightly lower leakage in counter-flow operation. This is so small, it is not shown in the program. If there is any risk of high pH in any part of the cycle, Type-II resins are preferred. When operating at higher flow rates, or in vessels of higher aspect ratios (near or above 2) macroporous resins are preferred. The nitrate removal process is rarely if ever affected by organic fouling. The need for quite high levels of sodium chloride for regeneration to displace the nitrate avoids this problem. Like all resins, high levels of iron in the feed water should be avoided, see the warning on water analysis. When ion exchange resins are used for potable applications, the control of bacteria is of great importance. This is particularly true of nitrate removal. Nitrate is a nutrient, and if allowed to remain on exhausted resin is can support the rapid growth of bacteria throughout the ion exchange plant. Once this happens, it can be difficult to remove. For more information on resin storage and disinfection, please refer to the Purolite bulletins 'The storage and transportation of ion exchange resins' and 'The fouling of ion exchange resins and methods of cleaning'. Briefly if the plant has to be shut down, the resin should be backwashed, treated preferably with alkaline brine or regenerated, and stored in salt solution. 29 Program Difficulty Was the complete water analysis entered? If not, please obtain more data. Otherwise please c..</p>
Conversion | Calculators |
Length Unit Converter | Collecting Rain |
Surface Calculator | |
Volume Unit Conversion Calculator | Iecost Calculation Program |
Mass Weight Conversion | TDS Calculator |
Temperature Unit Conversion | Wind Chill Calculator |
Pressure Conversion Program | Relative Humidity |
Process Flow Calculation | Hardness Converter and Hardness Calculator |
Volume Flow Unit Program | Molecular Weight Calculator |
Dynamic Viscosity Program | Design Characteristics for a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Calculation |
Kinematic Viscosity Calculator | Ryznar Stability index |
Prefixes | Langelier index calculator |
Conductivity Converter | Accuracy water analysis calculation |
Parts Per Million (ppm) Converter | Ionic strength and activity coeficient |
Osmotic pressure calculator | |
evaporation of water (lake en pan evaporation) | |
Ion exchange calculator for one chemical element | |
Multimedia (sand) Filtration Calculation | |
Seawater RO System Costs Analysis |
With these calculators you can calculate Anglo-American units to the standards units (SI-units). This may be useful, because most American and British use American or British units and European use the standard metric units. With the conversion calculators you can convert the units that are most commonly used. There is a small overview of the units that are mostly used in the industry in the process flow calculator. The other conversion programs have more units to convert and they have some useful back ground information. You can also calculate the money you can save when you re-use rainwater that falls instead of tap-water (precipitation calculator) and the energy cost when you use a boiler to heat water (energy cost). |
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Purolite Software - posted in Student: Hi,This software from purolite is free and acts as a calculator for processes such as ION EXCHANGE. Does anyone have the CD-KEY and respective user name? I need it quick (that is why i cant afford of waiting the keys from the company).Many Thanks! Purolite - Customer Services by Purolite Corporation. Purolite is committed to delivering the highest level of customer satisfaction in the industry. We also offer computerized ion exchange system design assistance via our PureDesign™ software. Logistics With strategically located manufacturing plants and warehouses around the globe, we. We offer a complete ion-exchange resins We offer water softening cation anion mixed bed chelating resin and many others. Since there are many ion exchange resins not listed here. If we dont have it listed here. If you would like us to find a resin for you or you would like to discuss business to business bulk purchases please call us at 800-460-9011. Purolite Ion Exchange Design Calculation Program download free. Design™ is an innovative Ion Exchange simulation program created by Purolite available to you upon registration. Design™ offers the facility of design and simulation of Ion Exchange Plant commonly used in water treatment processes, unique in that it provides. Purolite has released a Web version of its proprietary softening calculator to the general public. This calculator estimates the ion exchange resin requirements for softening of ground, potable, process and wastewaters.
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